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Together with an extremely warm Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer1,2, 2023 has actually been described as the most well liked 12 months on record3-5. Contextualizing current anthropogenic warming in opposition to earlier all-natural variability is nontrivial, on the other hand, because the sparse 19th century meteorological information are typically far too warm6. Listed here, we Incorporate noticed and reconstructed June-August (JJA) area air temperatures to indicate that 2023 was the warmest NH additional-tropical summer time in the last 2000 many years exceeding the 95% self confidence selection of natural climate variability by in excess of half a diploma Celsius.

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